Methamphetamine (METH) is a sympathomimetic amine that belongs to phenethylamine and amphetamine class of psychoactive\ndrugs, which are widely abused for their stimulant, euphoric, empathogenic, and hallucinogenic properties. Many of these effects\nresult from acute increases in dopamine and serotonin neurotransmission. Subsequent to these acute effects, METH produces\npersistent damage to dopamine and serotonin release in nerve terminals, gliosis, and apoptosis. This review summarized the\nnumerous interdependent mechanisms including excessive dopamine, ubiquitin-proteasome system dysfunction, protein nitration,\nendoplasmic reticulum stress, p53 expression, inflammatory molecular, D3 receptor, microtubule deacetylation, and HIV-1 Tat\nprotein that have been demonstrated to contribute to this damage. In addition, the feasible therapeutic strategies according to\nrecent studies were also summarized ranging from drug and protein to gene level.
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